Jumat, 22 April 2016

Conditional


Conditional sentences
Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of "if".
There are three types of conditional sentences.
type
condition
I
condition possible to fulfill
II
condition in theory possible to fulfill
III
condition not possible to fulfill (too late)
1. Form
type
if-clause
main clause
I
Simple Present
will-future or (Modal + infinitive)
II
Simple Past
would + infinitive *
III
Past Perfect
would + have + past participle *
2. Examples (if-clause at the beginning)
type
if clause
main clause
I
If I study,
will pass the exam.
II
If I studied,
would pass the exam.
III
If I had studied,
would have passed the exam.
3. Examples (if-clause at the end)
type
main clause
if-clause
I
will pass the exam
if I study.
II
would pass the exam
if I studied.
III
would have passed the exam
if I had studied.
4. Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)
type

Examples


long forms
short/contracted forms
I
+
If I study, I will pass the exam.
If I study, I'll pass the exam.
-
If I study, I will not fail the exam.
If I do not study, I will fail the exam.
If I study, I won't fail the exam.
If I don't study, I'll fail the exam.
II
+
If I studied, I would pass the exam.
If I studied, I'd pass the exam.
-
If I studied, I would not fail the exam.
If I did not study, I would fail the exam.
If I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam.
If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam.
III
+
If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.
If I'd studied, I'd have passed the exam.
-
If I had studied, I would not have failed the exam.
If I had not studied, I would have failed the exam.
If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the exam.
If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the exam.
* We can substitute could or might for would (shouldmay or must are sometimes possible, too).
·         would pass the exam.
·         could pass the exam.
·         might pass the exam.
·         may pass the exam.
·         should pass the exam.
·         must pass the exam

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